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It is the task of forensic medicine to scientifically and clearly document, analyze and explain medical results of the living and the dead for the administration of justice. Forensic molecular genetics (DNA) and forensic toxicology already started to use high-tech methods.
Due to the technological developments of recent years, the institute of forensic medicine of the University of Bern, Switzerland, and the scientific service of the municipal police Zurich decided to evaluate and validate modern, non-invasive, three-dimensional documentation and analytical methods.
As soon as a crime was committed or an accident happened, all traces need to be secured. The knowledge and results gained from that are documented scientifically. Based on such circumstantial evidence, a crime or the sequence of events can be reconstructed, analyzed and explained for jurisprudence.
In order to obtain a complete documentation, the University of Bern uses different techniques, allowing the three-dimensional acquisition of results (www.virtopsy.com).
The modern 3D digitizing technology offers new possibilities in this field. The precise digitizing system ATOS XL provides an excellent quality when capturing shapes and deviations. The system precisely records the actual shape of a person or thing as well as deformations of any kind, visualizes the results graphically, analyzes and documents them. Thus, for example, it is possible to find out what tool might be the weapon involved, what injuries were caused how, what shoe corresponds to the footprints or what damage was caused by what obstacle.
The institute of forensic medicine of the University of Bern (IRM) and the scientific service of the municipal police Zurich use the ATOS XL digitizing system for their work and can easily and precisely measure smallest objects (e.g. the surfaces of weapons involved) up to entire vehicles.
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Fig. 1: Digitizing an undamaged reference vehicle and the car damaged in an accident
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Figures 1 to 4 show different cars damaged in accidents that have been digitized with ATOS. By digitizing a respective intact vehicle (Fig. 1) the scanned data of the damaged cars can easily be compared with each other (Fig. 2). As the measuring data is transformed into the coordinate system of the reference vehicle, the deformation can be quantified and information about, for example, the impact speed can be derived (Fig. 3). In addition, it is possible to reconstruct a rear-end collision digitally by digitizing both vehicles and the torn off bumper and comparing the data sets with each other (Fig. 4).
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Fig. 2: Digital data of a car damaged in an accident (left) compared to an original vehicle (right).
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Fig. 3: Measuring data of a heavily damaged car, transformed into the coordinate system of the reference vehicle
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Fig. 4: Digital reconstruction of a rear-end collision
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For other kinds of accidents, like in air traffic, the digitized data of the damaged parts give information about the sequence of events and/or the accident cause. Fig. 5 shows the propeller of a light aircraft which crashed because of a wire rope. The impact mark is clearly visible in the measuring data.
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Fig. 5: Propeller with impact mark of the wire rope
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An example of forensic medicine (Fig. 6) shows the successful use of ATOS in this field as well. The arm, injured by a bite and showing respective traces (a so-called formed injury) was scanned, just as a model of the set of teeth of the suspect. The digitized data of the teeth impression and of the bite traces were compared with each other and the scale 3D analysis proved a good "fit".
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| Fig. 6: Bite with teeth impressions on the injured arm. In the image in the middle, the digitized teeth model is displayed and in the image at the right side, the two data sets are virtually assembled.
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